铁谱仪分析的流程
The analysis process of Ferrography
铁谱仪分析程序一般包括取样、制谱、观察与分析、结论4个基本环节。
The ferrography analysis program generally includes 4 basic links: sampling, spectrum analysis, observation and analysis, and conclusion.
(1)铁谱仪取样
(1) sampling ferrography
取样就是用取油工具从管线上或油箱中抽取润滑油(或液压油)样。取样操作必须保证所取的油样含有能反映机器工况变化的磨损颗粒，只有这样才能通过铁谱分析做出正确的判断。因此，取样时应遵循以下几条原则：
Sampling is to extract lubricating oil (or hydraulic oil) from the pipeline or oil tank by means of oil extraction tools. Sampling operation must ensure that the oil sample contains wear particles which can reflect the change of machine condition. Only in this way can the correct judgement be made through ferrography analysis. Therefore, the following principles should be followed when sampling:
①应尽量选择在润滑油过滤之前并避免从死角、底部取样;
(1) try to avoid sampling from dead corners and bottom before lubricating oil is filtered.
②应尽量选择在机器运转时，或刚停机时取样;
Second, we should try to choose when the machine is running or when it is stopped.
③应始终在同一位置、同一条件下(如停机则应在相同的时间后)和同一运转状态(转速、载荷相同)下取样;
(3) it should always be sampled at the same location, under the same condition (if downtime should be at the same time) and in the same running state (the same speed and load).
④取样周期应根据机器的性质和对状态检测要求来确定。机器在新投入运行或刚经解体检修，其取样间隔应短，通常应隔几小时取样一次，以监测分析整个磨合过程;机器进入正常运行阶段后，取样间隔可加大;此后，当发现磨损发展很快时，又应缩短取样时间间隔。
(4) the sampling period should be determined according to the nature of the machine and the requirements for the state detection. The sampling interval should be short and should be sampled every few hours to monitor and analyze the whole process of running in. After the machine enters the normal operation stage, the sampling interval can be increased; then, when the wear development is fast, the interval of the sampling time should be shortened.
(2)铁谱仪制谱
(2) making spectrum of Ferrography
制谱就是用铁谱仪分离油样，将其中的铁磁性颗粒沉积于玻璃基片上，经固化和清洗后完成。为便于油液中磁性金属颗粒的沉积，对所取油样应进行稀释，即在油样中加入一定比例有机溶剂(例如四氯乙烯)，油样与四氯乙烯的体积混合比通常为3:1。
The spectrogram is used to separate the oil sample with Ferrograph, and the ferromagnetic particles are deposited on the glass substrate, and then finished after curing and cleaning. In order to facilitate the deposition of magnetic metal particles in the oil, the oil samples should be diluted, that is to add a certain proportion of organic solvents (such as four chloroethylene) in the oil samples, and the volume mixing ratio of oil samples and four chloroethylene is usually 3:1.
(3)观察与分析
(3) observation and analysis
包括定性分析和定量分析
Including qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis
①定性分析 用显微镜观察谱片上颗粒的尺寸大小、形状、颜色，根据颗粒特征来定性分析设备运转润滑状态，判断磨损类型和磨损部位。直读式不宜做定性分析，因为直读式铁谱仪不能提供关于磨屑形貌、磨屑来源的信息。
(1) qualitative analysis of the size, shape and color of the particles by microscope. According to the characteristics of the particles, the lubrication state of the equipment is analyzed, and the type of wear and the wear part are judged. Direct reading is not suitable for qualitative analysis, because direct reading ferrography can not provide information about the shape of debris and the source of debris.
②定量分析 用光密度测量仪与显微镜配套使用，测出谱片上不同区域的磨屑颗粒覆盖面积，再通过公式算出磨损指数。
2. Quantitative analysis is used with light density measuring instrument and microscope to measure the cover area of debris particles in different regions on the spectrum, and then calculate the wear index by the formula.
对于旋转式铁谱仪，其定量分析式为IS=AL2-(AM+AS)2式中 IS——磨损烈度;AL、AM、AS——大、中、小磨粒浓度的光密度读数。
For the rotary ferrography, the quantitative analysis is the IS=AL2- (AM+AS) 2 type IS - wear intensity; AL, AM, AS - the light density reading of the large, medium and small particles.
对于直读式铁谱仪，其定量分析式为ID=(DL+DS)(DL-DS)=DL2-DS2式中ID——磨损烈度；DL——代表大于5μm磨损颗粒的光密度值；DS——代表1~2μm磨损颗粒的光密度值。对于分析式铁谱仪，其定量分析式为I'S=(A'L+A'S)(A'L-A'S)=A'L2-A'S2式中I'S——磨损烈度；A'L、A'S——大、小磨粒覆盖面积。
For the direct reading ferrography, the quantitative analytical formula is the ID= (DL+DS) (DL-DS) =DL2-DS2 type ID wear intensity; DL, representing the light density value of the wear particles larger than 5 u m; DS, representing the optical density of the 1~2 micron m wear particles. For the analytical ferrography, the quantitative analysis formula is I'S= (A'L+A'S) (A'L-A'S) =A'L2-A'S2 type I'S - wear intensity; A'L, A'S - large and small grain coverage area.